Yes, wireless charging can charge through most phone cases, including those made of plastic, silicone, TPU, and more, Metal cases are not recommended for use with Qi charging.
Qi wireless charging uses inductive electrical power transfer, and it can charge at a distance up to 1cm (0.4in), which is far greater than the thickness of most phone cases.
However, it may not charge through battery cases that have a built-in lithium-ion battery.